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| Sam Piha |
The framework looked at learning that affected outcomes measured by schools (grades, test scores, attendance, and behavior), the inputs that afterschool learning can contribute are listed below as Afterschool Learning Outcomes and Afterschool Practices to Promote Afterschool Learning. I believe these are still relevant to afterschool quality practice.
Afterschool Learning Outcomes
Mastery Motivation and Persistence in Intellectual Tasks
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| Bill Penuel, University of Colorado at Boulder |
Importance and Links to External Indicators: Students who adopt mastery goals for learning approach learning tasks as potentially challenging and as requiring effort to complete. Students who are more concerned with performance-avoidance, that is, preventing others from seeing them fail, tend to give up more easily on difficult tasks, especially if they are low-achieving (Ames & Archer, 1988). Students with mastery goals tend to persist more in the face of difficulty on challenging intellectual tasks (Ames & Archer, 1988).
Role of Afterschool Programs: Afterschool programs have been successful in promoting mastery goals and in providing youth with opportunities to persist on authentic, challenging tasks (McLaughlin, Irby, & Langman, 1994).
Self-Regulation
Importance and Links to External Indicators: Self-regulation is the process by which students plan for, organize, and monitor their own learning. Higher levels of self-regulation are associated with higher achievement levels in school (Butler & Winne, 1995).
Role of Afterschool Programs: Afterschool programs can improve student self-regulation, particularly students’ skills in planning and organizing activities and in reflecting on significant experiences associated with participation (Nichols & Steffy, 1999; Youniss & Yates, 1997).
Collaborative Skills
Importance and Links to External Indicators: Collaborative skills are increasingly important for both schools and the workplace. Cooperative and collaborative learning experiences are positively associated with student achievement (Slavin, 1990; Johnson, Johnson, & Stanne, 2000).
Role of Afterschool Programs: Afterschool programs can improve students’ social skills and can also reduce anti-social behaviors (Catalano et al., 1999; Mahoney et al., 2003; Weisman et al., in press).
Bonding and Commitment to School
Importance and Links to External Indicators: Bonding to school has been cited as an important protective factor in supporting youth development (Cheney et al., 1997). Students vary in their level of identification with school and with doing well in school, a factor that has been used to explain the failure of some groups to do well in school (Ogbu, 1987).
Role of Afterschool Programs: Afterschool programs can help students feel more connected to school (Catalano et al., 1999; Roth & Brooks-Gunn, 1999).
Afterschool Practices to Promote Afterschool Learning
Positive culture of learning
- Encouraging inquiry as an attitude and approach to difficult situations
- Providing a program environment where mastery goals are rewarded
- Discouraging comparisons among participants with respect to school performance
Meaningful learning activities
- Relying on authentic intellectual activities to engage youth
- Organizing activities that connect to youth’s interests and life experiences
- Opportunities for collaboration in contexts where a diversity of expertise is needed for success
Effective adult assistance
- Attunement to youths’ needs and interests
- Solving problems with youth rather than for them
- Providing feedback focused on how to improve
Support for self-regulation
- Help with planning for studying, organizing for intellectual tasks, and monitoring progress toward goals
- Providing youth with experiences of regulating their own learning process in a safe environment
- Opportunities to reflect on and revise ideas
Positive connections to school
- Tasks align with and complement schools’ focus on students’ individual academic needs
- Adult staff articulate the importance and value of school learning
- Adult staff help youth build bridges among the cultural worlds of school, home, and community
Support for parent engagement in youth’s learning
- Staff communicate regularly with parents about students’ learning progress and needs
- Staff encourage parents to talk to teachers about their child’s learning
- Staff serve as advocates for parents in the school
